- The average of S&P 500 for April 2021 was 4141. This is 1701 points higher than the long-term trend value of 2440.
- The current percentage difference of S&P 500 level relative to the current long-term trend level is 70%, a value never exceeded in the recent past since August 2001.
- The Shiller Cyclically Adjusted Price to Earnings Ratio (CAPE) is at a level of 37.0. That is 49% higher than its 35-year moving average (MA35), currently at 24.9.
- The CAPE-MA35 ratio is 1.49, forecasting a 10-year annualized real return of about 4.0%. Should the CAPE-MA35 ratio increase further, then 10-year forward returns will be even lower.
This is an update to our series of articles started in 2012 assessing market valuation and estimating forward stock market returns. The most recent previous update was for end of March 2021.
The projections here are partly based on Estimating Forward 10-Year Stock Market Returns using the Shiller CAPE Ratio and its 35-Year Moving Average, which is referred to as the “referenced article” further down.
What short-term stock market returns can be expected?
Nobody knows, and the best one can do is to use the historic data (which is from Shiller’s S&P series) to guide us to make estimates for the future. From the real price of the S&P-Composite with dividends re-invested (S&P-real) one finds that the best-fit line from 1871 onward is a straight line when plotted to a semi-log scale. There is no reason to believe that this long-term trend of S&P-real will be interrupted. S&P-real, updated to end of April 2021, and the best fit line together with its 95% prediction bands are shown in Figure-1. (See appendix for the equation.)
The current level of the S&P-real is 70% above the long-term trend line (up from 61% one month ago), and a reversal to the mean trend would entail a 41% decline, possibly over a short period. But it is also possible that S&P-real could reach the upper prediction band line within a year or two, which would amount to a gain of about 20% from the current level.
Forecasting 10-year stock market returns with the CAPE-MA35 Ratio
Also shown in Figure-1 are the CAPE (which is the S&P-real divided by the average of the real earnings over the preceding 10 years) and its 35-year moving average, having end of April 2021 values of 37.0 and 24.9, respectively.
As shown in the referenced article, a superior method to the standard use of the Shiller CAPE-ratio is to predict 10-year real returns using the CAPE-MA35 ratio as a valuation measure. It is simply the value of the Shiller CAPE-ratio divided by the corresponding value of its 35-year moving average (37.0 / 24.9 = 1.49).
Currently the CAPE-MA35 ratio of 1.49 forecasts an annualized real return of about 4.0% to April 2031. Based on the current S&P 500 value this would indicate an end of April 2031 value of 6129 for S&P-real, with upper and lower confidence values of 7080 and 5290, respectively, all as shown in Figures-2 and -3.
Also in Figure-3 the current level of the S&P 500 relative to the long-term trend is indicated by the line parallel to the long-term trend line. Note that since August 2001 this relative level has never been greater than what it is now. This is not a situation which provides confidence of major stock market gains to come.
Forecasting returns to 2031 with the long-term trend
When extending the best fit line and the prediction bands (Figure-3), then the S&P-real end of April 2031 value would be 4620, while the highest and lowest values shown by the prediction bands would be about 8900 and 2400, respectively.
Thus the historic trend forecasts a probable gain of only about 12% (or an annualized return of 1.1%) for S&P-real from its current level of 4141 to the end of April 2031. The worst case scenario would be a possible loss of about 42% (annualized return -5.3%), and the best outcome could be a 115% gain (annualized return 8.0%).
Conclusion
- The current elevated level of the S&P 500 relative to the current long-term trend level warns that stocks are overvalued; and
- The current CAPE-MA35 ratio of 1.49 forecasts only a 4.0% real 10-year forward return for the S&P 500.
Should the market continue to go higher it will provide even poorer investment opportunities for long-term investors, because the 10-year forward returns will get lower with increasing values of the CAPE-MA35 ratio. For example, prior to the 2001 recession, from January 1999 to October 2000 the CAPE-MA35 ratio was greater than 2.3, and the real annualized 10-year returns for stocks that followed averaged a negative 3.7%. Extreme overvaluation is signaled when the CAPE-MA35 ratio exceeds a value of 1.50, which is near the current value of 1.49.
Updates of the estimated 10-year forward returns of the S&P 500 (Figure-2) are posted monthly at imarketsignals.com.
Appendix
The best fit line and prediction band were calculated from monthly data from Jan-1871 to July-2012. The SP-real values for the period after July-2012 are “out of sample” and were not included in the regression analysis.
The equation of the best fit line is: y = 10(ax+b)
where:
y = is the dependent variable of the best fit line.
x = are the number of months from January 1871 onward.
a = 0.0023112648
b = 2.02423522
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